Reflexión

Cuando empecé el postgrado  me informaron que tenía que ver unas  materias de nivelación y una de ellas era Ingles Instrumental, quede petrificado ya que en los ingles que vi en el pregrado me costó un mundo pasar las mismas. Después de empezar las clase con la Teacher  Doris Molero, enseñándonos las técnicas  para comprender los textos en ingles de una forma  más  fácil y muy  práctico, de cómo sacar la idea principal de un párrafo, como están compuesto las categorías lexicales y las oraciones, los métodos de lecturas, se me hizo más fácil esta vez en realizar las diferentes actividades que nos coloco la Teacher. Todos los días nos enfrentamos a retos y está en uno de superarlos o no, yo me propuse  superar este reto de aprender y salir bien en esta materia. Al terminal este curso me di cuenta que si se puede superar los retos mientras uno le dedique el tiempo necesario para hacerlo. Otras de las cosas nuevas que aprendí y me gusto mucho de este curso fue la creación de este blog y colocar todas las actividades que realice para aprobar la materia. Espero que sea de valor agregado para los futuros alumnos que tengan que ver esta materia.

Unidad 4. Patrones de Organización de un Párrafo

Identificar las principales características de una definición.

Mobile phone

A mobile phone (also called mobile, cellular telephone, or cell phone) is an electronic device used to make mobile telephone calls across a wide geographic area. Mobile phones differ from cordless telephones, which only offer telephone service within a limited range of a fixed land line, for example within a home or an office.

A mobile phone can make and receive telephone calls to and from the public telephone network which includes other mobiles and fixed-line phones across the world. It does this by connecting to a cellular network owned by a mobile network operator.

In addition to being a telephone, modern mobile phones also support many additional services, and accessories, such as SMS (or text) messages, e-mail, Internet access, gaming, Bluetooth and infrared short range wireless communication, camera, MMS messaging, MP3 player, radio and GPS. Low-end mobile phones are often referred to as feature phones, whereas high-end mobile phones that offer more advanced computing ability are referred to as smartphones.

The first handheld mobile phone was demonstrated by Dr. Martin Cooper of Motorola in 1973, using a handset weighing 2 kg. In 1983, the Dyna Tac 800x was the first to be commercially available. In the twenty years from 1990 to 2010, worldwide mobile phone subscriptions grew from 12.4 million to over 4.6 billion, penetrating the developing economies and reaching the bottom of the economic pyramid.

Texto extraído de: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_phone

Narrar eventos siguiendo los marcadores de discurso de un patrón de ordenamiento de tiempo.


History of mobile phones

Radiophones have a long and varied history going back to Reginald Fessenden's invention and shore-to-ship demonstration of radio telephony, through the Second World War with military use of radio telephony links and civil services in the 1950s.

The first mobile telephone call made from a car occurred in St. Louis, Missouri, USA on June 17, 1946, using the Bell System's Mobile Telephone Service, but the system was impractical from what is considered a portable handset today. The equipment weighed 80 lbs, and the AT&T service, basically a massive party line, cost $30 USD per month (equal to $337.33 today) plus $.30 to $.40 per local call, equal to $3.37 to $4.5 today.

In 1960, the world’s first partly automatic car phone system, Mobile System A (MTA), was launched in Sweden. MTA phones were composed of vacuum tubes and relays, and had a weight of 40 kg. In 1962, a more modern version called Mobile System B (MTB) was launched, which was a push-button telephone, and which used transistors in order to enhance the telephone’s calling capacity and improve its operational reliability. In 1971, the MTD version was launched, opening for several different brands of equipment and gaining commercial success.

Martin Cooper, a Motorola researcher and executive is considered to be the inventor of the first practical mobile phone for handheld use in a non-vehicle setting, after a long race against Bell Labs for the first portable mobile phone. Using a modern, if somewhat heavy portable handset, Cooper made the first call on a handheld mobile phone on April 3, 1973 to his rival, Dr. Joel S. Engel of Bell Labs.

The first commercially automated cellular network (the 1G generation) was launched in Japan by NTT in 1979, initially in the metropolitan area of Tokyo. Within five years, the NTT network had been expanded to cover the whole population of Japan and became the first nationwide 1G network. In 1981, this was followed by the simultaneous launch of the Nordic Mobile Telephone (NMT) system in Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden. NMT was the first mobile phone network featuring international roaming. The first 1G network launched in the USA was Chicago-based Ameritech in 1983 using the Motorola DynaTAC mobile phone. Several countries then followed in the early-to-mid 1980s including the UK, Mexico and Canada.

The first "modern" network technology on digital 2G (second generation) cellular technology was launched by Radiolinja (now part of Elisa Group) in 1991 in Finland on the GSM standard, which also marked the introduction of competition in mobile telecoms when Radiolinja challenged incumbent Telecom Finland (now part of TeliaSonera) who ran a 1G NMT network.

In 2001, the first commercial launch of 3G (Third Generation) was again in Japan by NTT DoCoMo on the WCDMA standard.

One of the newest 3G technologies to be implemented is High-Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA). It is an enhanced 3G (third generation) mobile telephony communications protocol in the High-Speed Packet Access (HSPA) family, also coined 3.5G, 3G+ or turbo 3G, which allows networks based on Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) to have higher data transfer speeds and capacity.

 Texto extraído de: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_phone

Unidad 3. Aproximación al texto SCANNING

Es una lectura muy rápida, la cuál parte de un cuestionamiento o pregunta previa que ya tenemos en mente. En ella no es necesario leer cada palabra del texto, solo aquellas que nos dan respuesta a la pregunta o cuestionamiento inicial. Practicar esta técnica de lectura, te ayudará a aprender a omitir todas aquellas palabras o frases sin importancia y enfocar tu atención en aquellas que te ayudan a descifrar la respuesta a la pregunta inicial, y así poder leer en una forma mucho más rápida.

Biliografia

William Henry "Bill" Gates III, (born October 28, 1955)^[2] is an American business magnate, philanthropist, author and is chairman of Microsoft the software company he founded with Paul Allen. He is consistently ranked among the world's wealthiest people^[3] and was the wealthiest overall from 1995 to 2009, excluding 2008, when he was ranked third.^[4] During his career at Microsoft, Gates held the positions of CEO and chief software architect, and remains the largest individual shareholder with more than 8 percent of the common stock.^[5] He has also authored or co-authored several books.

Gates is one of the best-known entrepreneurs of the personal computer revolution. Although he is admired by many, a number of industry insiders criticize his business tactics, which they consider anti-competitive, an opinion which has in some cases been upheld by the courts.^[6][7] In the later stages of his career, Gates has pursued a number of philanthropic endeavors, donating large amounts of money to various charitable organizations and scientific research programs through the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, established in 2000.

Bill Gates stepped down as chief executive officer of Microsoft in January 2000. He remained as chairman and created the position of chief software architect. In June 2006, Gates announced that he would be transitioning from full-time work at Microsoft to part-time work and full-time work at the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. He gradually transferred his duties to Ray Ozzie, chief software architect and Craig Mundie, chief research and strategy officer. Gates' last full-time day at Microsoft was June 27, 2008. He remains at Microsoft as non-executive chairman.

Gates was born in Seattle, Washington, to William H. Gates, Sr. and Mary Maxwell Gates, of English, German, and Scotch-Irish descent.^[8][9] His family was upper middle class; his father was a prominent lawyer, his mother served on the board of directors for First Interstate BancSystem and the United Way, and her father, J. W. Maxwell, was a national bank president. Gates has one elder sister, Kristi (Kristianne), and one younger sister, Libby. He was the fourth of his name in his family, but was known as William Gates III or "Trey" because his father had dropped his own "III" suffix.^[10] Early on in his life, Gates' parents had a law career in mind for him.^[11]

At 13 he enrolled in the Lakeside School, an exclusive preparatory school.^[12] When he was in the eighth grade, the Mothers Club at the school used proceeds from Lakeside School's rummage sale to buy an ASR-33 teletype terminal and a block of computer time on a General Electric (GE) computer for the school's students.^[13] Gates took an interest in programming the GE system in BASIC and was excused from math classes to pursue his interest. He wrote his first computer program on this machine: an implementation of tic-tac-toe that allowed users to play games against the computer. Gates was fascinated by the machine and how it would always execute software code perfectly. When he reflected back on that moment, he commented on it and said, "There was just something neat about the machine."^[14] After the Mothers Club donation was exhausted, he and other students sought time on systems including DEC PDP minicomputers. One of these systems was a PDP-10 belonging to Computer Center Corporation (CCC), which banned four Lakeside students—Gates, Paul Allen, Ric Weiland, and Kent Evans—for the summer after it caught them exploiting bugs in the operating system to obtain free computer time.^[15]

At the end of the ban, the four students offered to find bugs in CCC's software in exchange for computer time. Rather than use the system via teletype, Gates went to CCC's offices and studied source code for various programs that ran on the system, including programs in FORTRAN, LISP, and machine language. The arrangement with CCC continued until 1970, when the company went out of business. The following year, Information Sciences, Inc. hired the four Lakeside students to write a payroll program in COBOL, providing them computer time and royalties. After his administrators became aware of his programming abilities, Gates wrote the school's computer program to schedule students in classes. He modified the code so that he was placed in classes with mostly female students. He later stated that "it was hard to tear myself away from a machine at which I could so unambiguously demonstrate success."^[14] At age 17, Gates formed a venture with Allen, called Traf-O-Data, to make traffic counters based on the Intel 8008 processor.^[16] In early 1973, Bill Gates served as a congressional page in the U.S. House of Representatives.

Gates graduated from Lakeside School in 1973. He scored 1590 out of 1600 on the SAT and enrolled at Harvard College in the autumn of 1973. While at Harvard, he met Steve Ballmer, who later succeeded Gates as CEO of Microsoft.

1.- ¿Fecha de nacimiento?

       October 28, 1955.

2.- ¿Lugar de nacimiento?

       Seattle, Washington.

3.-¿Dónde trabajó?

       En la compañia Microsoft, como presidente.

4.- ¿Quién es Bill Gates?

       Es un magnate de negocios Americano, autor y presidente de la compañía de software     Microsoft, la cual fundó junto a Paul Allen.

5.- ¿Dónde estudió?

       Harvard College

6.- ¿Cuanto se retiró de la presidencia de la compañía Microsoft?

      Estuvo activo hasta el 27 de junio del 2008, y permanece como director no ejecutivo hasta los momentos.



Texto extraído: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates

Unidad 3. Aproximación al Texto SKIMMING

Consiste en dar una lectura rápida, identificando ideas o frases claves; no es necesario leer cada palabra del texto. Se lee la primera oración de cada párrafo y se trata de identificar las frases o palabras clave de cada uno de ellos. Al final se extraen y se anotan a fin de descubrir la idea general del texto.

Power to the pocket: The next generation of superphones

By DigitalTrends.com

These up-and-comers from the smartphone world will redefine the boundaries of mobile computing with full HD video playback, dual-core processors, and more.

We’re sick of the iPhone, too. Despite antenna issues, Draconian app store rules and an engineered inability to run Flash content, Apple’s flagship smartphone has done to the smartphone market what the Romans once did to Europe.

The good news: Now a marauding horde of smartphone manufacturers under the flag of Google Android are back for their turf, and they’re not just cobbling together iPhone-wannabes anymore. From the world’s first dual-screen smartphone to a phone with all the processing power of a laptop - and a dock that turns it into one - these next-generation smartphones will all bring something totally unique to the battlefield when they arrive soon.

LG Optimus 2x

The pitch: Two is always better than one, which makes the LG Optimus 2x, the world’s first dual-core smartphone, quite a catch. Nvidia’s hotrod Tegra 2 processor enables rich gaming, fluid multitasking and even 1080p video capture. With the HDMI output, you can hook it up to your TV and watch movies on the big screen, in 1080p.

Skeptic’s slant: Apps have to be specially developed to take advantage of the dual-core design, which means few of them will really tap into what the Optimus 2x can do at launch.

Availability: Rumors have the Optimus 2x launching in late March or early April, but LG will launch the Optimus 2x as a “world phone.” That means it won’t be showing up at the store down the street with a hefty subsidy like phones that carriers officially adopt – you’ll have to snag it online, without a contract, for a hefty sum.

Texto extraído: http://shopping.yahoo.com/articles/yshoppingarticles/526/power-to-the-pocket-the-next-generation-of-superphones/

1.- De acuerdo al título y la imagen, ¿cuál cree usted que es el tópico que está a punto de leer?

Se trata de los nuevos modelos de teléfonos inteligentes que están a punto de salir al mercado

2.- ¿Cuál es la idea general del texto?

La descripción y características de los nuevos teléfonos inteligentes

3.- ¿Que palabras se repiten?

Smartphone, iPhone, power, dual-core, launch

4.- ¿Que palabras se parecen al español?

Generation, video, manufacturers, officially

5.- ¿Cuales son las palabras en negrita, el titulo, subtitulo o gráficos que te ayudan a entender el texto?

The next generation of superphones

Indica que el texto hablara de la nueva generación de supertelefono

LG Optimus 2x

Indica el modelo del telefono

6.- ¿De qué trata el texto?

La nueva generación de superteléfonos contempla la incorporación de nuevas capacidades como la transmisión de video de alta definición y procesadores dual-core que los transformarán en verdaderas computadoras móviles y de bolsillo.

Unidad 2. Estructura de la Oración

En esta unidad se abordan los diferentes elementos que conforman la oración, tales como: la frase nominal y la frase verbal.
Dentro de la frase verbal se estudian con detalle las diferentes manifestaciones del verbo. Asimismo, se identifican los elementos referenciales que existen dentro de un texto.

Getting started - Cell phone & service guide

Cell phones are evolving to allow faster texting, Web surfing, GPS navigation, and social networking while keeping up with their day job--voice calling. Smart phones such as the iPhone are leading the charge. Thanks to their computer-like operating systems, they can run all types of applications, from Twitter to games, restaurant guides, shopping assistants, and more. Conventional cell phones aren't gathering dust, though. Many of the newest models have large displays, keyboards, and Internet capabilities. Their e-mail and applications aren't as robust as a smart phone's, but they're less complicated to use. And there still are phones with fewer bells and whistles for users with more straightforward needs.

Before you set out to buy a phone, though, consider the service provider. Service providers determine which phone models work on their networks. So when you're replacing your phone, use this cell phone guide to help you decide whether you'll stay with your current  cellular service carrier or switch to a new one. Major carriers rely heavily on two incompatible digital networks. Sprint and Verizon networks use mainly Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) technology, while AT&T and T-Mobile use Global System for Mobile communication (GSM) technology. All of those carriers also support high-speed data networks. The network plays a big part in the capabilities your phone will have and, to some extent, its performance.

Texto extraído del articulo: http://www.consumerreports.org/cro/electronics-computers/phones-mobile-devices/cell-phones-services/cell-phone-service-buying-advice/cell-phone-service-getting-started/cell-phone-service-getting-started.htm

·         Service providers determine which phone models work on their networks

Frase nominal y Sujeto: Service providers

El nucleo de la Frase nominal: providers

Premodificador: Service

Frase verbal: determine which phone models work on their networks

El nucleo de la Frase verbal: determine

Tiempo verbal: Presente Simple.

·         Major carriers rely heavily on two incompatible digital networks.

Frase nominal y Sujeto: Major carriers

El nucleo de la Frase nominal: carriers

Premodificador:  Major

Frase verbal: rely heavily on two incompatible digital networks

El nucleo de la Frase verbal: rely

Tiempo verbal: presente simple.

·         The network plays a big part in the capabilities your phone will have and, to some extent, its performance.

Frase nominal y Sujeto: The network

El nucleo de la Frase nominal: network

Premodificador:

Frase verbal: plays a big part in the capabilities your phone will have and, to some extent, its performance.

El nucleo de la Frase verbal: plays

Tiempo verbal: presente simple

Unidad 1. Uso apropiado del diccionario

Usar apropiadamente el diccionario bilingüe y monolingüe, como una estrategia de búsqueda de información necesaria para la comprensión de un texto en inglés.

Getting started - Cell phone & service guide

Cell phones are evolving to allow faster texting, Web surfing, GPS navigation, and social networking while keeping up with their day job--voice calling. Smart phones such as the iPhone are leading the charge. Thanks to their computer-like operating systems, they can run all types of applications, from Twitter to games, restaurant guides, shopping assistants, and more. Conventional cell phones aren't gathering dust, though. Many of the newest models have large displays, keyboards, and Internet capabilities. Their e-mail and applications aren't as robust as a smart phone's, but they're less complicated to use. And there still are phones with fewer bells and whistles for users with more straightforward needs.

Before you set out to buy a phone, though, consider the service provider. Service providers determine which phone models work on their networks. So when you're replacing your phone, use this cell phone guide to help you decide whether you'll stay with your current  cellular service carrier or switch to a new one. Major carriers rely heavily on two incompatible digital networks. Sprint and Verizon networks use mainly Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) technology, while AT&T and T-Mobile use Global System for Mobile communication (GSM) technology. All of those carriers also support high-speed data networks. The network plays a big part in the capabilities your phone will have and, to some extent, its performance.

Texto extraído del articulo: http://www.consumerreports.org/cro/electronics-computers/phones-mobile-devices/cell-phones-services/cell-phone-service-buying-advice/cell-phone-service-getting-started/cell-phone-service-getting-started.htm

Gathering: [:ing] s. [collection]  recolección  f; [assembly] asamblea, reunión

Straightforward: [-for´werd] adj. [direct] directo; [honest] sincero

Whether: [hweth´er] conj. [if] si; [for alternatives] sea … o ~or not de todos modos

 

Sustantivos: Cell phones, Service providers, carriers, networks.

Adjetivos:  faster, large, robust.

Adverbios: mainly , heavily.

Verbos: are, keeping up, run, have, buy.

Conjunciones:  and, as. 

Preposiciones:  to, of, from, for.

Artículos: the, a, some.

Prefijo:  incompatible, replacing.

Sufijo:  navigation, provider, heavily.

Cognados falsos:

Cognados verdaderos:  navigation, social, applications, service, System, communication, Division.

El texto trata sobre las consideraciones que un usuario debe tener al momento de decidir que tipo de teléfono celular requiere y de los beneficios que las compañías telefónicas son capaces de ofertar. Todo debido a la tecnología en las cuales esté basada el servicio de tecnología y la infraestructura que posean.